"Make hay while the sun shines" means to take advantage of favourable conditions while they last, seizing opportunities when they arise. It emphasises the importance of timing and proactive action.
This idiom has agrarian roots dating back to at least the 16th century. Farmers rely on dry weather to cut, dry, and store hay for winter feeding. If hay is cut while the sun is shining and there’s no risk of rain, it will dry properly and last through the winter. Wet hay spoils easily, so farmers needed to act swiftly during sunny weather to secure their hay for the colder months.
The first recorded use of the phrase in its current form can be found in John Heywood's A Dialogue Conteinyng the Nomber in Effect of All the Prouerbes in the Englishe Tongue (1546), which was a comprehensive collection of proverbs and sayings.
https://ota.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/repository/xmlui/handle/20.500.12024/A03168
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